Geschreven door NRC

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More than five thousand years ago, in the cities of ancient Mesopotamia, a system of wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay became the world's first form of writing.
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Sandro Botticelli was one of the most distinctive painters of the Italian Renaissance, celebrated for works such as "The Birth of Venus" and "Primavera." This book, generated with the assistance of.
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Frida Kahlo remains one of the most recognized painters of the twentieth century, known for her striking self-portraits and a life marked by physical hardship, political conviction, and artistic.
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Mannerism emerged in the sixteenth century as artists moved beyond the balanced ideals of the High Renaissance toward more complex, stylized forms of expression.
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The Dutch landscape is largely the product of centuries of interaction between water, land, and human effort.
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Between 1400 and 1600, artists, thinkers, and craftspeople across Northern Europe developed distinctive traditions in painting, printmaking, and design that paralleled and diverged from developments.
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Norse mythology offers a window into how the Viking Age peoples of Scandinavia understood the cosmos, the gods, and their own place in the world.
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The Italian Renaissance was a period of profound transformation in art, thought, and society, spanning roughly the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries.
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Abstract Expressionism emerged in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s, becoming one of the most influential art movements of the twentieth century.
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Suzhou, gelegen in de provincie Jiangsu, staat al eeuwenlang bekend om zijn klassieke tuinen, kanalen en rijke culturele geschiedenis.
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The Netherlands underwent profound change during the twentieth century, moving through neutrality and occupation, postwar reconstruction, and the steady transformation of its society and economy.
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Nel Hamerslag
uit het leven gegrepen korte verhalen
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The history of cruise travel stretches back further than most people realize, from the early passenger voyages of the nineteenth century to the vast, self-contained ships that carry thousands of.
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Every day, billions of people coordinate their lives around invisible lines drawn across the globe, yet few pause to consider how or why these divisions came to be.
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Pablo Picasso remains one of the most influential figures in the history of modern art, and this book offers a clear, structured introduction to his life and work.
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Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter and printmaker whose work gave lasting visual form to anxiety, illness, and mortality.
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Ultrasound imaging developed over the course of the twentieth century from early experiments with sound waves into one of the most widely used diagnostic tools in medicine.
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Raoul Cauvin
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Mongolian mythology reflects centuries of nomadic life across the steppe, shaped by encounters with sky, land, and spirit worlds.
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The steam locomotive emerged in the early nineteenth century and, over the following decades, reshaped how people and goods moved across the world.
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Medieval cities operated on rhythms shaped by bells, guild rules, and the demands of daily survival.
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Communism promised a fairer alternative to market capitalism, and for much of the twentieth century it shaped the economic life of a large part of the world.
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Long before national parliaments took their modern form, regional assemblies were already shaping how communities governed themselves.
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Norse mythology tells the story of gods, giants, and the nine realms that made up the ancient Scandinavian understanding of the universe.
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Esther Gobel
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The Maya civilization developed a rich body of myths, deities, and religious practices that shaped daily life, governance, and understanding of the cosmos for over a thousand years.
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Espionage has shaped the course of political and military history for thousands of years, from the earliest uses of spies in ancient civilizations to modern intelligence services.
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Quantum computing represents one of the most significant shifts in the history of information technology, moving from abstract theoretical proposals to functioning experimental machines.
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Gothic art developed across Europe from the twelfth through the sixteenth centuries, shaping cathedrals, sculpture, and stained glass in ways that still define our idea of the medieval world.
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Musea beheren collecties die vaak decennialang worden opgebouwd, en dat beheer vraagt om zorgvuldigheid, kennis en een duidelijke aanpak.
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Trieste is een havenstad aan de noordoostgrens van Italië, waar Midden-Europese, mediterrane en Slavische invloeden samenkomen.
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The Middle Ages were a time when most people lived close to the land, guided by the rhythms of the seasons, the demands of work, and the structures of family and community.
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Yann
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Jan Steen (1626-1679) was one of the most versatile painters of the Dutch Golden Age, known for his lively domestic scenes, historical and biblical subjects, and sharp observations of everyday life.
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Pointillism is a painting technique developed in the late nineteenth century that relies on small, distinct dots of color to form a complete image.
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Iman Jacob Wilkens
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Archaeology continues to reveal discoveries that challenge our understanding of the past, from ancient monuments and lost cities to artifacts whose original purpose remains debated.
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Finnish mythology preserves a distinctive body of stories, beliefs, and traditions that developed over centuries among the peoples of Finland and Karelia.
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Dadaism emerged during the First World War as a radical response to the violence and irrationality that many artists believed had overtaken European civilization.
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Claude Monet remains one of the most recognized figures in the history of art, known for his role in founding the Impressionist movement and his lifelong dedication to capturing light and atmosphere.
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Realism emerged in the nineteenth century as artists turned away from idealized subjects to depict everyday life, ordinary people, and the world as it actually appeared.
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Matz
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Warfare has repeatedly altered the course of history, determining the rise and fall of empires, the spread of ideas, and the boundaries of nations.
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René Magritte remains one of the most recognized yet frequently misunderstood figures in twentieth-century art.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization has served as one of the defining institutions of international security since its founding in 1949.
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Vincent van Gogh remains one of the most recognized figures in Western art, known for his distinctive style and turbulent life.
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Edward Hopper remains one of the most recognized painters of twentieth century American art, known for his quiet, atmospheric scenes of everyday life.
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The Baroque period, spanning roughly the late sixteenth to the mid eighteenth century, produced some of the most striking developments in European art, music, and architecture.
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Ancient Egyptian religion developed over thousands of years, producing a vast and interconnected system of gods and goddesses who shaped how people understood the world around them.
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Alexandrië is een van de bekendste steden uit de oudheid, gesticht door Alexander de Grote en eeuwenlang een centrum van handel, wetenschap en cultuur.
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Romanesque art emerged across Europe between the tenth and twelfth centuries, shaping churches, monasteries, and sculpture with its distinctive rounded arches and solid forms.
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Navigation is the practice of determining position and direction, a skill that has shaped exploration, trade, and scientific discovery for thousands of years.
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Gustav Klimt remains one of the most recognized figures of Viennese art, known for his distinctive use of pattern, symbolism, and gold leaf.
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German Expressionism emerged in the early twentieth century as a movement that reshaped painting, cinema, literature, and architecture across Germany and Austria.
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Persian mythology spans thousands of years, drawing on Zoroastrian scripture, epic poetry, and oral tradition to explain the origins of the world, the forces of good and evil, and the deeds of.
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Andy Warhol remains one of the most influential figures in twentieth century art, known for transforming everyday objects and celebrity culture into enduring images.
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Germanic mythology encompasses the beliefs, deities, and legendary figures shared among the peoples of Northern and Central Europe before and during their transition to Christianity.
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Johannes Vermeer remains one of the most quietly influential painters of the Dutch Golden Age, known for a small number of luminous, carefully composed works.
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Afrika kent een geschiedenis van vele duizenden jaren, met een rijke opeenvolging van beschavingen, rijken en culturen.
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Mesopotamian mythology encompasses the religious beliefs, deities, and legendary narratives of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, civilizations that flourished between the rivers.
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Sumerian mythology forms the earliest known body of religious and literary tradition in human history, offering insight into how one of the world's first civilizations understood creation, divinity.
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Inuit mythology reflects centuries of survival, belief, and storytelling among the peoples of the Arctic.
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Korean mythology encompasses a rich body of stories, deities, and folk beliefs that developed over centuries, shaped by shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and the natural landscape of the Korean.
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Roy Lichtenstein was one of the most recognizable figures of the American Pop Art movement, known for transforming comic strip imagery into large scale paintings.
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Behind every auction record and gallery opening lies a system of financial and social forces that most viewers never see.
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In the late eighteenth century, a scientific dispute between two Italian scholars led to a discovery that would reshape the modern world: the electric battery.
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The art trade operates through a network of relationships, negotiations, and institutions that shape what gets bought, sold, and valued.
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The fall of Rome in the fifth century is often treated as a turning point that reshaped the course of Western history.
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The Inca civilization developed a rich body of myths and religious beliefs that shaped daily life, governance, and understanding of the natural world in the ancient Andes.
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The Acropolis of Athens is a rocky hilltop site in the heart of the Greek capital, home to a group of ancient monuments that have shaped the history of Western architecture, art and civic life.
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Lublin is een van de oudere steden van Polen, met een geschiedenis die teruggaat tot de middeleeuwen en een rol die het land eeuwenlang mede heeft vormgegeven.
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Neoclassicism emerged in the eighteenth century as a deliberate return to the forms and principles of ancient Greece and Rome, shaping painting, sculpture, architecture, and decorative arts across.
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Zutphen is een van de oudste steden van Nederland, met een rijk verleden dat teruggaat tot de Hanzetijd.
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Elk jaar blijven duizenden misdaadzaken jarenlang, soms decennialang, onopgelost.
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Street art and graffiti have grown from underground expressions into recognized forms of urban creativity, shaping the visual identity of cities around the world.
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History remembers golden ages by their monuments and rulers, but rarely by the daily lives of the people who lived through them.
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Egyptian hieroglyphics served as a written language for more than three thousand years, recording religion, governance, and daily life along the Nile.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization has shaped Western security policy for more than seven decades.
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Jan van Eyck was a fifteenth century painter whose work marked a turning point in the history of Northern European art.
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The Sistine Chapel, located within the Vatican in Rome, is one of the most studied and visited sacred spaces in the world, known above all for the ceiling frescoes and the Last Judgement painted by.
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Overal in Nederland en daarbuiten staan gebouwen en objecten die een beschermde status hebben gekregen vanwege hun historische of culturele waarde.
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Tongeren geldt als de oudste stad van België en draagt een geschiedenis met zich mee die teruggaat tot de Romeinse tijd.
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Aviation has transformed how people travel, trade, and connect across the globe in little more than a century.
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The history of the Netherlands spans centuries of struggle against water, shifting political powers, and gradual transformation into a modern nation.
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Military aviation has shaped the outcome of conflicts and the direction of technological progress for more than a century.
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Long before cities rose and empires expanded, small settlements laid the groundwork for organized human life.
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On July 20, 1969, two astronauts landed on the Moon, completing a journey that had begun less than a decade earlier as an ambitious national goal.
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Luxor, gelegen aan de oevers van de Nijl, was ooit het hart van het oude Thebe en geldt nog altijd als een van de belangrijkste archeologische locaties ter wereld.
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Farm machinery has shaped how societies grow food, organize labor, and manage land for thousands of years.
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The Tower of London has stood on the north bank of the Thames for nearly a thousand years, serving at different times as a royal palace, a prison, a place of execution, and a treasury.
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Frans Hals was one of the leading portrait painters of the Dutch Golden Age, known for his lively brushwork and ability to capture fleeting expressions on canvas.
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Szczecin is een havenstad in het noordwesten van Polen, met een geschiedenis die eeuwenlang door Duitse, Zweedse en Poolse invloeden is gevormd.
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Kartels vormen al decennialang een krachtige factor binnen de wereld van georganiseerde criminaliteit, met een invloed die reikt van lokale wijken tot internationale handelsroutes.
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Mount Fuji, rising to 3,776 metres on the island of Honshu, is Japan's highest mountain and one of the most recognisable natural landmarks in the world.
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Water has shaped the Netherlands for centuries, influencing where people settled, how they worked, and how the nation defended itself against the sea.
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Willy Vandersteen
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Singapore groeide in nog geen vijftig jaar uit van een kleine haven met beperkte grondstoffen tot een van de meest welvarende economieën ter wereld.
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Tartu is de op een na grootste stad van Estland en geldt als het intellectuele en culturele hart van het land.
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In the seventeenth century, the Dutch Republic became one of Europe's leading centers of trade, art, and scientific inquiry.
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The helicopter occupies a distinct place in the story of flight, developing along a path separate from fixed-wing aviation yet no less significant.
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Long before modern conveniences shaped everyday routines, life in the Netherlands followed rhythms tied to land, water, and community.
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Dubai groeide in enkele decennia uit van een bescheiden handelsnederzetting aan de Perzische Golf tot een internationaal knooppunt voor handel, toerisme en financiën.
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The Netherlands is a country shaped as much by human effort as by nature itself.
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Jheronimus Bosch remains one of the most enigmatic painters of the late medieval period, celebrated for his intricate and often puzzling depictions of moral and religious themes.
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De Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie is een van de opmerkelijkste militaire verdedigingssystemen die Nederland heeft voortgebracht.
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In 1919 kwamen wereldleiders bijeen in Versailles om een einde te maken aan de Eerste Wereldoorlog en een nieuwe internationale orde vast te leggen.
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Elk gebouw begint met een idee, maar de weg van dat idee naar een voltooid bouwwerk kent talloze stappen.
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Duizenden jaren geleden lag er tussen Groot-Brittannië en het Europese vasteland een uitgestrekt landschap van rivieren, moerassen en heuvels: Doggerland.
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Het Romeinse leger was eeuwenlang een van de best georganiseerde krijgsmachten uit de geschiedenis, en dit boek laat zien hoe die organisatie in de praktijk werkte.
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Dit boek beschrijft hoe de apartheid in Zuid-Afrika, na decennia van verzet en internationale druk, uiteindelijk werd ontmanteld.
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Mode is door de eeuwen heen niet alleen een kwestie van smaak geweest, maar ook van gezondheid, status en soms pure overdrijving.
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Archieven vormen de stille ruggengraat van onze kennis over het verleden: verzamelingen documenten, brieven, akten en dossiers die samen bepalen wat we wel en niet over vroeger weten.
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Door de geschiedenis heen zijn mensen bedrogen door verhalen die achteraf niet bleken te kloppen, van vermeende buitenaardse landingen tot gefabriceerde wetenschappelijke ontdekkingen.
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Het Colosseum was meer dan een indrukwekkend bouwwerk: het was een complex systeem waarin techniek, organisatie en menselijke inzet nauw met elkaar verweven waren.
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De Noorse mythologie vertelt over goden als Odin, Thor en Loki, over de wereldboom Yggdrasil en over de dreigende ondergang tijdens Ragnarök.
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Middeleeuwse steden hebben een hardnekkig imago van vuil en stank, maar de werkelijkheid was genuanceerder.
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Bijna een halve eeuw lang bepaalde de tegenstelling tussen twee grootmachten de wereldpolitiek.
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De fax was ooit onmisbaar in kantoren over de hele wereld, tot het apparaat bijna net zo snel verdween als het gekomen was.
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Het maken van een theatervoorstelling is een proces dat begint bij een idee en eindigt op een verlicht podium voor een zaal vol publiek.
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Kastelen waren eeuwenlang meer dan indrukwekkende bouwwerken: ze waren doordachte verdedigingssystemen, ontworpen om aanvallers zo lang mogelijk buiten de deur te houden.
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In de jaren na de Tweede Wereldoorlog zochten Europese landen naar manieren om duurzame vrede en economisch herstel te combineren.
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Doorheen de geschiedenis hebben beslissingen van machthebbers, legerleiders en bestuurders soms onbedoeld een verkeerde afloop gekregen, met verstrekkende gevolgen voor de wereld om hen heen.
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Gaëtan Algoet
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Samoerai vormden eeuwenlang een centrale kracht in de Japanse samenleving, met een leefwijze die veel verder ging dan hun rol als krijgers.
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In 1859 zag Henry Dunant op het slagveld van Solferino duizenden gewonde soldaten aan hun lot overgelaten. Dat moment vormde de aanleiding voor een beweging die uitgroeide tot het Rode Kruis.
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Door de geschiedenis heen hebben gevangenen keer op keer manieren gevonden om te ontsnappen aan situaties die aanvankelijk uitzichtloos leken.
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Venetië is een stad die al eeuwenlang op het water lijkt te drijven, maar in werkelijkheid rust op een onzichtbaar fundament van houten palen, dieper in de bodem geslagen dan menig bezoeker vermoedt.
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Bijna een eeuw geleden voeren reusachtige luchtschepen door de lucht, gedragen door waterstof of helium en aangedreven door motoren die per generatie krachtiger werden.
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In het jaar 79 na Christus werd Pompeii bedolven onder een dikke laag as en puin, nadat de Vesuvius tot uitbarsting kwam.
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De Hollandse molen is al eeuwenlang een vertrouwd onderdeel van het Nederlandse landschap en heeft in die tijd een belangrijke rol gespeeld in waterbeheer, industrie en voedselproductie.
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Kunstroof houdt al eeuwenlang de aandacht van musea, verzekeraars en het publiek gevangen.
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Archeologisch bodemonderzoek is de manier waarop archeologen sporen uit het verleden opsporen, documenteren en begrijpen.
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China kent een van de langste en meest continue beschavingsgeschiedenissen van de wereld, met tradities en instellingen die duizenden jaren teruggaan.
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De kunst van de mens kent een lange geschiedenis, van de eerste grotschilderingen tot de hedendaagse galerie.
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De Vikingen bevoeren enorme afstanden over open zee, van Scandinavië tot IJsland, Groenland en zelfs Noord-Amerika, zonder kompas of moderne navigatie-instrumenten.
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Gladiatoren spraken eeuwenlang tot de verbeelding, maar wie waren de mensen achter dit fenomeen echt?
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Het Ottomaanse Rijk bestond ruim zeshonderd jaar, van een kleine Anatolische vorstendom tot een wereldmacht die drie continenten overspande.
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Tussen 1945 en 1991 stonden twee grootmachten tegenover elkaar, gewapend met kernwapens die de wereld meerdere keren konden vernietigen, en toch bleef een directe oorlog uit.
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De geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten is een verhaal van kolonisatie, onafhankelijkheid, groei en groeiende invloed op het wereldtoneel.